March, 2013
Drives & Controls Magazine
‘THIRD ERA’ IN DRIVES COULD CUT THE ENERGY USED BY MOTORS BY UP TO 40%
An American technology firm claims to have developed software that can be added to almost any AC drive to cut the energy consumed by motors by up to 40%, as well as improving motor performance. AC Kinetics (ACK), based in New York State, believes that its technology represents a “third era” for variable speed drives, following V/f controls in 1960s and vector controls in the 1980s.
“We have developed several algorithms for electric motor control that reduce energy consumption by 10–40%, while simultaneously improving motor performance,” explains ACK president, Dr Neil Singer. “Our technology also enables motors to run cooler, and therefore last longer.” The energy savings are in addition to those normally achieved by using VSDs.
Dr Singer says that AC Kinetics is already in talks with VSD manufacturers about testing and potentially adopting the new technology. He predicts that the first drives to implement the new algorithms could go on sale before the end of 2013.
The algorithms run in real time on standard drive hardware and can replace the control algorithms on most existing AC drives. The initial version of the software needs to be able to measure the motor current, which may limit its implementation on some drives.
According to Singer (above), the ACK software does not need a lot of memory or computing power to operate. “We did a lot of work to get it to work with existing microcontrollers,” he says. For example, it will run on TI’s Piccolo devices that are used widely in motor controls.
ACK is not revealing precisely how its technology works, but says that it has been designed “from the ground up to realise rapid dynamic performance, while minimising losses in the motor”. The technology integrates real-world, non-linear motor phenomena, including core losses, non-linear inductances, and saturation, in the motor and inverter.
By optimising a motor’s non-linear dynamics, ACK says it maximises energy savings, while improving both transient performance and disturbance rejection. Compared to standard AC drives, the technology uses up to 50% less energy during transients and 10% less energy in the steady state, while tracking references more precisely and rejecting disturbances.
The software controls the motor to generate torque on demand in the most efficient way possible. It configures itself automatically to a motor and its application and is said to achieve a level of performance and energy efficiency “unreachable even by hand-tuning existing drives with costly instrumentation.” Energy consumption is said to be minimised for the same work output at all operating points, while dynamic performance is increased.
According to ACK, conventional drives waste a significant amount of energy as heat. The new software avoids this by providing an optimal input to a motor at all times. “Our technique sips energy when it needs it,” Singer explains. As a result, the motor operates at a lower temperature and should last longer.
Singer reports that during ACK’s in-house tests, when it compared its technology with three standard off-the-shelf AC drives, it found that motors operated using its own technology ran at a housing temperature of about 80°F (27°C), while those controlled by the standard drives were running at 110–120°F (43–49°C). He adds that the tests took a long time to complete because “the others would reach a stable (higher) temperature very quickly – ours took much longer.”
Dr Singer emphasises that the motor output was maintained during the tests (performed using the set-up shown above). “We didn’t want to reduce the output from the motor,” he says. “That would be cheating.”
Singer explains that one reason that his company has been able to improve on the performance of standard drives is that the autotuning functions implemented on most drives are conservative. “The motor must not stall under any circumstances,” he says. For example, in pump applications, if there is debris in the pump that increases the load on the motor, it must continue to run. “Our technology automatically delivers the overall best efficiency and power possible at all operating points,” says Singer.
AC Kinetics says that its claims have been corroborated by third-party testing. In efficiency tests performed last year at MIT’s Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity (LMP), a hardware implementation of the ACK controller was compared with some of the world’s leading AC drives. The AC Kinetics technology is said to have outperformed the other drives, while using significantly less energy.
ACK quotes Professor Warren Seering, a professor of mechanical engineering and engineering systems at MIT, as saying: “After reviewing the AC Kinetics runtime algorithms and observing the performance that these algorithms produce, I can say with confidence that the AC Kinetics induction machine controller produces very substantial energy savings and excellent tracking performance. Their approach is entirely different from anything I’ve seen before. I was very impressed.”
Another motors and controls expert, Dr Thomas Lipo of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who is a consultant to ACK, says the technology “makes the final step to simultaneously achieving fast torque response and ensuring optimal efficiency operation at each time instant of the switched PWM frequency. Since this innovation merely adds steps to the computer code, it promises to be a low-cost addition that achieves appreciable energy savings.”
Dr Singer says that AC Kinetics is looking at applying its technology to other types of motor. “Any type of motor that is hard to control – switched reluctance drives, for example – we could control,” Singer reports.
As well as industrial applications, ACK believes that its technology could help to extend the ranges of electric vehicles, by operating them more efficiently. It says that in tests based on the US Environmental Protection Agency’s standard urban traffic cycle, motors controlled by its algorithms used about half the energy of conventional drive systems (shown in the graph above). “The biggest benefit comes when you change speed more often,” Dr Singer reports.
AC Kinetics does not have a fixed model for how it will licence its technology to drives-makers. “We’re open to suggestions,” says Singer. Licences may be sold on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, and VSD manufacturers may or may not pay a royalty on each drive they sell incorporating the new algorithms. But Singer is confident that any extra costs to drives-users would be paid back within weeks or months through the added energy savings.
At the moment, AC Kinetics is relying on its own trade secrets rather than patents to protect its technology, although Singer reports that the company is “evaluating” the patent situation.
AC Kinetics was formed at the end of 2012, but the key members of the team behind the company have been working together since they met at MIT in the 1980s. In the 1990s, they invented and commercialised algorithms – based on Dr Singer’s PhD project – for reducing vibrations, improving settling times and cutting noise levels in motorised machines. These algorithms are now in use in hundreds of millions machines worldwide, from computer hard drives to cranes.
The team has also developed an algorithm for controlling parallel gantry machines. This technology has been licenced to Danaher’s Dover Motion division.
The ACK team has been developing the motor control algorithms for the past five years. “Now, we’re ready to commercialise,” says Singer.